| 
Well Known Indian Scientists
·
Aryabhatta:
He lived between 476 and 520 A. D. He was a great mathematician and an
astronomer. His contributions include about the movement of earth around the
Sun, determination of various physical parameters of various celestial bodies,
such as diameter of Earth and Moon. He laid foundations of algebra and pointed
out the importance of zero. The first Indian satellite was named after him.
·
Bhagavantam:
His contribution to radio astronomy and cosmic rays in noteworthy. An associate
of Sir C. V. Raman, Dr. S. Bhagavantam was scientific adviser in the Ministry
of Defence and Director General of Defence Research Development Organisation.
·
Bhaskaracharya:
Born in 1114 A. D. , bhaskaracharya was a great Hindu mathematician and Astronomer.
His work 'Sidhanta Siromain' consists of two parts of mathematics and two parts
of astronomy. He had a foresight on the modern theory of conventions.
·
S. S. Bhatnagar:
A great Indian Scientist who lived between 1895 and 1955. He was the first
Director General of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Under his
directorship, many research laboratories were established throughout India.
·
J. C. Bose:
He was an eminent Physicist and Botanist. He founded Bose Research Institute,
Calcutta. He invented Crescograph and lived between 1858 and 1937. A crescograph is a device for measuring growth in plants.
·
S. N. Bose:
He became well-known when he expounded the Bose Einstein theory which deals
with the detection of a group of nuclear particles - named after him 'Boson'.
His contribution to Plank's Law is laudable. He died in 1974.
·
Dr. S. Chandrasekhar:
Pakistani born Indian-American astrophysicist who, with William A. Fowler, won
the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for key discoveries that led to the currently
accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars.
Chandrasekhar was the nephew of Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, who won the
Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930. His theory of Stellar Evolution - the birth
and death of stars is 35 years old. According to his theory, the old stars just
collapse and disappear in the light of denser stars of low light popularly
called Chandrasekhar Limit.
·
Charaka:
He lived between 80 and 180 A. D. He was a court physician of King Kanishka.
His writings on Hindu Medicine are invaluable
·
Dhanvantri:
He was a great physician during the period of Chandragupta Vikramaditya. His
period was between 375 and 413 A. D.
·
Hargobind Khorana:
He created an artificial gene and deciphered genetic code. He was awarded Nobel
Prize for Medicine in 1968.
·
Homi J. Bhaba:
He largely contributed to the development of Atomic Physics and he was
primarily responsible for setting up of Nuclear reactors in India. He published
important papers on Quantum Theory, Cosmic Rays, Structure of atom, etc. He was
the first Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission. He died in a plane crash in
1966 over Alps.
·
S. S. Joshi:
Prof. S. S. Joshi's works on physical and chemical reaction under electrical
discharge on active nitrogen, colloids, hydrogen peroxide are noteworthy.
·
Nagarjuna:
A great Buddhist Philosopher and Chemist. He mentioned about crucibles,
sublimation, coloring process etc. His works are still available in China and
Tibet. His theory on extraction of copper and metallic oxides are mention-worthy.
·
Nag Chowdhury B. D:
An eminent Indian Nuclear Physicist known all over the world.
·
Narlikar:
J. V. Narlikar was the co-author of Hoyle-Narlikar theory of continuous
creation which supplies missing links in Einstein's theory of Relativity. Hoyle
and Narlikar have shown that the gravitation is always attractive and there is
no gravitational repulsions.
·
Raja Ramanna:
A great nuclear scientist, who was instrumental to stage India's first Nuclear
explosion at Pokharan range in 1974.
·
Sir C. V. Raman:
First Indian Scientist to receive Nobel prize for physics in 1929 for his
invention 'Raman Effect'. His study of crystal structure is of unique
importance. He founded Raman Research Institute at Bangalore.
·
Sir C. P. Roy:
Author of 'Hindu Chemistry'. He founded Indian Chemical Society and Bengal
Chemical and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. He has done good work on nitrous acid and its
salts. He lived between 1861- 1944 AD.
·
Prof. V. Ramachandra Rao:
Direction of Indian Scientific Satellite Project (ISSP) at Peenya near
Bangalore
·
Dr. Maghnad:
Late Palit Prof. of Physics, University College of Scientific and Technology,
Calcutta University well-known for his researches in nuclear physics, cosmic
rays, spectrum analysis and other branches of theoretical physics. He lived
from 1893 to 1956.
·
Srinivas Ramanujam:
A mathematical wizard, contributed much to number theory, theory of partitions
and theory of continuous fractions. He lived between 1887 to 1920 AD. His birth
centenary was celebrated in 1987.
·
Satish Dhavan:
He was chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation. He was instrumental to
take India into space age by launching Aryabhatta in 1975.
·
Susruta:
A fourth century Hindu Surgeon and Physician. He had written an important book
on medicine and on medical properties of garlic.
·
Varahamihira:
An Indian astronomer and astrologer of 6th Century A. D. He was a mathematician
and philosopher. He was one of the nine gems of Vikramaditya.
Science Branches
Branch
|
Concerning Field
|
Aeronautics
|
Science of flight of airplanes
|
Astronomy
|
Study of heavenly bodies
|
Agronomy
|
Science dealing with crop plants
|
Angiology
|
Deals with the study of blood
vascular system
|
Anthology
|
Study of flowers
|
Anthropology
|
Study of apes and man
|
Apiculture
|
Honey industry (Bee Keeping)
|
Araneology
|
Study of spiders
|
Batracology
|
Study of frogs
|
Biochemistry
|
Deals with the study of chemical
reactions in relation to life activities
|
Biotechnology
|
Deals with the use of
micro-organism in commercial processes for producing fine chemicals such as
drugs, vaccines, hormones, etc, on a large scale
|
Cardiology
|
Study of heart
|
Craniology
|
Study of skulls
|
Cryptography
|
Study of secret writing
|
Cryogenics
|
Study concerning with the
application and uses of very low temperature
|
Cytology
|
Study of cells
|
Dermatology
|
Study of skin
|
Ecology
|
The study of relationship between
organisms and environment
|
Entomology
|
Study of insects
|
Etiology
|
Study of cause of disease
|
Eugenics
|
Study of improvement of human race
by applying laws of heredity. It is related with future generations
|
Evolution
|
Deals with the study of origin of
new from old
|
Exobiology
|
Deals with life or possibilities
of life beyond the earth
|
Flori-culture
|
Study of flower yielding plants
|
Geology
|
Study of condition and structure
of the earth
|
Genetics
|
Study of heredity and variations
|
Gerontology
|
Study of growing old
|
Gynecology
|
Study of female reproductive organ
|
Horticulture
|
Study of garden cultivation
|
Hematology
|
Study of blood
|
Hepatology
|
Study of liver
|
Iconography
|
Teaching by pictures and models
|
Immunology
|
Science which deals with the study
of resistance of organisms against infection
|
Jurisprudence
|
Science of law
|
Kalology
|
Study of human beauty
|
Lexicography
|
Compiling of dictionary
|
Mycology
|
Study of fungi
|
Myology
|
Study of muscles
|
Nephrology
|
Study of kidneys
|
Neurology
|
Study of nervous system
|
Numismatics
|
Study of coins and medals
|
Obstetrics
|
Branch of medicine dealing with
pregnancy
|
Oneirology
|
Study of dreams
|
Ophthalmology
|
Study of eyes
|
Ornithology
|
Study of birds
|
Osteology
|
Study of bones
|
Palaeontology
|
Study of fossils
|
Philately
|
Stamp collecting
|
Philology
|
Study of language
|
Phonetics
|
Concerning the sound of a spoken
language
|
Physiography
|
Natural phenomenon
|
Pedology
|
Study of soils
|
Pathology
|
Study of disease causing organisms
|
Phycology
|
Study of algae
|
Physiology
|
Science dealing with the study of
functions of various parts of organisms
|
Pisciculture
|
Study of fish
|
Pomology
|
Study of fruits
|
Seismology
|
Study of earthquakes
|
Sericulture
|
Silk industry (culture of silk
moth and pupa)
|
Serpentology
|
Study of snakes
|
Telepathy
|
Communication between two minds at
a distance with the help of emotions thoughts and feelings
|
Taxonomy
|
Study of classification of
organisms
|
Virology
|
Study of virus
|
Research
Institutes
SNo
|
Name
|
Place
|
1
|
Central Building Research
Institute
|
Roorkee, Uttaranchal
|
2
|
Central Drug Research Institute
|
Lucknow, U. P
|
3
|
Central Electro-Chemical Research
Institute
|
Karaikudi, T. N
|
4
|
Central Electronics Engineering
research institute
|
Pilani, Rajasthan
|
5
|
Central Food Technological
Research Institute
|
Mysore, Karnataka
|
6
|
Central Fuel Research Institute
|
Dhanbad, Jharkhand
|
7
|
Central Glass and Ceramic Research
Institute
|
Jadhavpur, W. B
|
8
|
Central Institute of Medicinal and
Aromatic Plants
|
Lucknow, U. P
|
9
|
Central Leather Research Institute
|
Chennai, T. N
|
10
|
Central Mechanical Engineering
Research Institute
|
Durgapur, W. B
|
11
|
Central Mining Research Station
|
Dhanbad, Jharkhand
|
12
|
Central Road Research Institute
|
New Delhi, Delhi
|
13
|
Central Salt and Marine Chemical
Research Institute
|
Bhavnagar, Gujarat
|
14
|
Central Scientific Instruments
Organisation
|
Chandigarh, Chandigarh
|
15
|
Indian Institute of Chemical
Biology
|
Kolkatta, W. B
|
16
|
Indian Institute of Petroleum
|
Dehradun, Uttaranchal
|
17
|
Industrial Texicology Central
Centre
|
Lucknow, U. P
|
18
|
National Aeronautical Laboratory
|
Bangalore, Karnataka
|
19
|
National Botanical Research Institute
|
Lucknow, U. P
|
20
|
National Chemical Laboratory
|
Pune, Maharashtra
|
21
|
National Environment Engineering
Institute
|
Napery, Maharashtra
|
22
|
National Geophysical Research
Institute
|
Hyderabad, A. P
|
23
|
National Institute of Oceanography
|
Panjim, Goa
|
24
|
Bose Research Institute
|
Kolkata, W. B
|
25
|
National Metallurgical Laboratory
|
Jamshedpur, Jharkhand
|
26
|
National Physical Laboratory
|
New Delhi, Delhi
|
27
|
Regional Research Laboratories
|
Bhubaneshwer, Orissa; Jorhat,
Assam; Jammu, J & K; Hyderabad, A. P
|
28
|
Structural Engineering Research
Centre
|
Roorkee, Uttaranchal; Chennai; T.
N;
|
29
|
Visvesvarayya Industrial and
Technological Museum
|
Bangalore, Karnataka
|
30
|
High Altitude Research Laboratory
|
Gulmarg, J and K
|
31
|
Indian Cancer Research Centre
|
Mumbai, Maharashtra
|
32
|
Seismic Research Centre
|
Gaurividanur, Near Bangalore,
Karnataka
|
33
|
Central Marine Research Station
|
Chennai, T. N
|
34
|
Central research Laboratory
|
Chennai, T. N
|
35
|
Centre For Cellular and Molecular
Biology
|
Hyderabad, A. P
|
36
|
Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research
|
New Delhi, Delhi
|
37
|
Forest Research Institute
|
Dehradun, Uttaranchal
|
38
|
Indian Institute of Science
|
Bangalore, Karnataka
|
39
|
Indian Institute of Sugar
Technology
|
Kanpur, U. P
|
40
|
Indian Space Research Organisation
|
Bangalore, Karnataka
|
41
|
Birbal Sahni Institute of
Paleobotany
|
Lucknow, U. P
|
42
|
All India Institute of Hygiene and
Public Health
|
Kolkata, W. B
|
43
|
All India Institute of Medical
Science
|
New Delhi, Delhi
|
44
|
All India Malaria Institute
|
Delhi
|
45
|
Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and
Research
|
Jamnagar, Gujarat
|
46
|
National Institute of Communicable
Diseases
|
New Delhi, Delhi
|
Milestones in Medical Science
SNo
|
Discovery / Invention
|
Year
|
Discoverer / Inventor
|
Country
|
1
|
Adrenaline
|
1894
|
Schafer and Oliver
|
Britain
|
2
|
Anesthesia, Local
|
1885
|
Koller
|
Austria
|
3
|
Anesthesia, Spinal
|
1898
|
Bier
|
Germany
|
4
|
Anti-toxins (Science of Immunity)
|
1890
|
Behring and Kitasato
|
Germany, Japan
|
5
|
Aspirin
|
1889
|
Dreser
|
Germany
|
6
|
Ayurveda
|
2000-1000 BC
|
India
|
|
7
|
Bacteria
|
1683
|
Leeuwenhock
|
Netherlands
|
8
|
Bacteriology
|
1872
|
Ferdinand Cohn
|
Germany
|
9
|
Biochemistry
|
1648
|
Jan Baptista Van Helmont
|
Belgium
|
10
|
Blood Plasma storage (Blood bank)
|
1940
|
Drew
|
U. S. A
|
11
|
Blood Transfusion
|
1625
|
Jean-Baptiste Denys
|
France
|
12
|
Cardiac Pacemaker
|
1932
|
A. S Hyman
|
U. S. A
|
13
|
CAT Scanner
|
1968
|
Godfrey Hounsfield
|
Britain
|
14
|
Chemotherapy
|
1493-1541
|
Paracelsus
|
Switzerland
|
15
|
Chloroform as anaesthetic
|
1847
|
James Simpson
|
Britain
|
16
|
Chloromycetin
|
1947
|
Burkholder
|
U. S. A
|
17
|
Cholera T. B germs
|
1877
|
Robert Koch
|
Germany
|
18
|
Circulation of blood
|
1628
|
William Harvey
|
Britain
|
19
|
Cryo-Surgery
|
1953
|
Henry Swan
|
U. S. A
|
20
|
Diphtheria germs
|
1883-84
|
Klebs and Loffler
|
Germany
|
21
|
Electro-Cardiograph
|
1903
|
Willem Einthoven
|
Netherlands
|
22
|
Electro-encephalogram
|
1929
|
Hand Berger
|
Germany
|
23
|
Embryology
|
1792-1896
|
Kari Ernest Van Baer
|
Estonia
|
24
|
Endocrinology
|
1902
|
Bayliss and Starling
|
Britain
|
25
|
First Test Tube Baby
|
1978
|
Steptoe and Edwards
|
Britain
|
26
|
Gene Therapy on humans
|
1980
|
Martin Clive
|
U. S. A
|
27
|
Genes associated with cancer
|
1982
|
Robert Weinberg and others
|
U. S. A
|
28
|
Heart Transplant Surgery
|
1967
|
Christian Barnard
|
S. Africa
|
29
|
Histology
|
1771-1802
|
Marie Bichat
|
France
|
30
|
Hypodermic syringe
|
1853
|
Alexander wood
|
Britain
|
31
|
Kidney Machine
|
1944
|
Kolf
|
Netherlands
|
32
|
Leprosy Bacillus
|
1873
|
Hansen
|
Norway
|
33
|
LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide)
|
1943
|
Hoffman
|
Switzerland
|
34
|
Malaria Germs
|
1880
|
Laveran
|
France
|
35
|
Morphine
|
1805
|
Friderich Sertumer
|
Germany
|
36
|
Neurology
|
1758-1828
|
Franz Joseph Gall
|
Germany
|
37
|
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
|
1971
|
Raymond Damadian
|
U. S. A
|
38
|
Open Heart Surgery
|
1953
|
Walton Lillehel
|
U. S. A
|
39
|
Oral Contraceptive Pills
|
1955
|
Gregory Pincus, Rock
|
U. S. A
|
40
|
Penicillin
|
1928
|
Alexander Fleming
|
Britain
|
41
|
Physiology
|
1757-66
|
Albrecht Von Haller
|
Switzerland
|
42
|
Positron emission Tomography
|
1978
|
Louis Sokoloff
|
U. S. A
|
43
|
Rabies Vaccine
|
1860
|
Louis Pasteur
|
France
|
44
|
Recombinant-DNA technology
|
1972-73
|
Paul Berg, H. W. Boyer, S Cohen
|
U. S. A
|
45
|
Reserpine
|
1949
|
Jal Vakil
|
India
|
46
|
Rh-factor
|
1940
|
Karl Landsteiner
|
U. S. A
|
47
|
Serology
|
1884-1915
|
Paul Ehrlich
|
Germany
|
48
|
Sex hormones
|
1910
|
Eugen Steinach
|
Australia
|
49
|
Small Pox eradicated
|
1980
|
W. H. O Declaration
|
UN
|
50
|
Stethoscope
|
1819
|
Rene Laennec
|
France
|
51
|
Streptomycin
|
1944
|
Selman Waksmann
|
U. S. A
|
52
|
Synthetic Antigens
|
1917
|
Landsteiner
|
U. S. A
|
53
|
Terramycin
|
1950
|
Finlay and Others
|
U. S. A
|
54
|
Thyroxin
|
1919
|
Edward Calvin-Kendall
|
U. S. A
|
55
|
Typhus Vaccine
|
1909
|
J. Nicolle
|
France
|
56
|
Vaccination
|
1796
|
Edward Jenner
|
Britain
|
57
|
Vaccine, Measles
|
1963
|
Enders
|
U. S. A
|
58
|
Vaccine, Meningitis
|
1987
|
Gardon, et al. Connaught Lab
|
U. S. A
|
59
|
Vaccine, Polio
|
1954
|
Jonas Salk
|
U. S. A
|
60
|
Vaccine, Polio-orai
|
1960
|
Albert Sabin
|
U. S. A
|
61
|
Vaccine, Rabies
|
1885
|
Louis Pasteur
|
France
|
62
|
Vaccine, Smallpox
|
1776
|
Jenner
|
Britain
|
63
|
Virology
|
1892
|
Ivanovski and Bajernick
|
USSR, Netherlands
|
64
|
Vitamin A
|
1913
|
Mc Collum and M. Davis
|
U. S. A
|
65
|
Vitamin B1
|
1936
|
Minot and Murphy
|
U. S. A
|
66
|
Vitamin C
|
1919
|
Froelich Holst
|
Norway
|
67
|
Vitamin D
|
1925
|
Mc Collum
|
U. S. A
|
68
|
Vitamin K
|
1938
|
Doisy Dam
|
U. S. A
|
69
|
Western Scientific Therapy
|
460-370 BC
|
Hippocrates
|
Greece
|
70
|
Yoga
|
200-100 BC
|
Patanjali
|
India
|
Medical Inventions
SNo
|
Name
|
Medical Inventions
|
1
|
Ronald Rose
|
Malaria Parasite
|
2
|
Salk, Jonas E.
|
Anti-polio Vaccine
|
3
|
Simpson and Harrison
|
Chloroform
|
4
|
Waksman
|
Streptomycin
|
5
|
Banting
|
Insulin ( as a palliative for
diabetes)
|
6
|
Barnard, Christian
|
Replacing the human heart
|
7
|
Brahmachari, U. N.
|
Cure of Kala-a-zar fever
|
8
|
Davy
|
Isolation of metals by
electricity; studied properties of chlorine
|
9
|
Domagk
|
Sulpha drugs as bactericides
|
10
|
Eijkman
|
Cause of Beri-Beri
|
11
|
Finsen
|
Discovered curative effect of
ultra violet rays; photography
|
12
|
Fleming, Alexander
|
Penicillin (in 1929)
|
13
|
Harvey
|
Circulation of blood
|
14
|
Hahnemann
|
Homoeopathy (founder)
|
15
|
Hopkins, Frederick Gowland
|
Vitamin D
|
16
|
Jenner
|
Smallpox Vaccination
|
17
|
Koch
|
Tubercle Bacillus
|
18
|
Lainnec
|
Stethoscope
|
19
|
Lister, Lord
|
Antiseptic treatment
|
20
|
Pasteur, Louis
|
Treatment of rabies; cure of
hydrophobia
|
Facts About Human Body
Length of alimentary canal
|
Approximately 8 meters
|
BMR (Basal metabolic rate)
|
1600 K. cal/day
|
Number cells in body
|
75 trillion
|
Longest bone
|
Femur (thigh bone)
|
Smallest bone
|
Ear ossicle, stapes
|
Weight of brain
|
1400 gms
|
Blood volume
|
8 litres (in 70 kg
body)
|
Normal B. P
|
120/80 mm Hg
|
Life span of R. B. C
|
120 days
|
Life span of W. B. C
|
3-4 days
|
Universal blood donor
|
O Rh-ve
|
Universal blood recipient
|
AB
|
Blood clotting time
|
2-5 minutes
|
Average body weight
|
70 kg
|
Normal body temperature
|
4o F or
37o C
|
Breathing rate
|
16-20 minutes
|
Universal blood donor
|
O Rh-ve
|
Universal blood recipient
|
AB
|
Number of cranial nerves
|
12 pairs
|
Number of spinal nerves
|
31 pairs
|
Largest endocrine gland
|
Thyroid
|
Gestation period
|
9 months (253-266 days)
|
Normal heart beat
|
72-75/ minutes
|
Largest gland
|
Liver
|
Largest muscles in the body
|
Gluteus maximus (Buttock muscle)
|
Largest smooth muscle
|
Uterus of pregnant women
|
Smallest muscles in the body
|
Stapedius
|
Largest artery
|
Abdominal aorta
|
Largest vein
|
Inferior venacava
|
Largest W. B. C
|
Monocyte
|
Smallest W. B. C
|
Lymphocyte
|
Greatest regeneration power
|
In liver
|
Longest nerve
|
Sciatic
|
Longest cell
|
Neuron (nerve cell)
|
Menstrual cycle
|
28 days
|
Menopause age
|
45-50 years
|
Minimum regeneration power
|
In brain cell
|
Minimum distance for proper vision
|
25 cm
|
Type of placenta
|
Haemochorial (Chorioallantoic)
|
Number of cranial nerves
|
12 pairs
|
Number of spinal nerves
|
31 pairs
|
Largest endocrine gland
|
Thyroid
|
Gestation period
|
9 months (253-266 days)
|
Normal heart beat
|
72-75/ minutes
|
Largest gland
|
Liver
|
Largest muscles in the body
|
Gluteus maximus (Buttock muscle)
|
Largest smooth muscle
|
Uterus of pregnant women
|
Smallest muscles in the body
|
Stapedius
|
Largest artery
|
Abdominal aorta
|
Pulse rate
|
72/minute
|
Volume of semen
|
2-4 ml/ejaculation
|
Normal sperm count
|
200-350 million/ejaculation
|
Thinnest skin
|
Conjunctiva
|
pH of gastric juice
|
4
|
pH of urine
|
6
|
pH of blood in the veins
|
7.35
|
pH of blood running through
arteries
|
7.4
|
pH of Saliva
|
between 6.0 and 7.4
|
Human Endocrine System
The
human endocrine system modulates several processes of the body by the function
of hormones. The endocrine system secretes hormones that control how bodily
functions work. Thus, the human endocrine system watches over and coordinates
all the systems of the body by the use of hormones.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is located at
the base of the human brain. The gland consists of two parts: the anterior lobe
(adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).
The anterior lobe secretes at least
seven hormones. One hormone, the human growth hormone (HGH), promotes body
growth by accelerating protein synthesis. This hormone is also known as somatotropin. A
deficiency of the hormone results in dwarfism; an oversecretion results in
gigantism.
Another hormone of the anterior
pituitary is prolactin, also called lactogenic
hormone (LH). This hormone promotes breast development and milk
secretion in females. A third hormone is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The
function of TSH is to control secretions of hormones from the thyroid gland. A
fourth hormone is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This hormone controls the
secretion of hormones from the adrenal glands.
There are three more hormones
produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The first is
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In females, FSH stimulates the development
of a follicle, which contains the egg cell; in males, the hormone stimulates
sperm production. The next hormone is luteinizing hormone (LH). In females, LH
completes the maturation of the follicle and stimulates the formation of the
corpus luteum, which temporarily secretes female hormones. In males, LH is
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), which stimulates the production
of male hormones in the testes. The final hormone is melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (MSH), which stimulates production of the pigment melanin.
The posterior pituitary gland stores
and then releases two hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus of the
brain. The first hormone is antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This hormone stimulates
water reabsorption in the kidneys. It is also called vasopressin. The second
hormone is oxytocin, which stimulates contractions in the muscles of the uterus
during birth.
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland lies against the pharynx
at the base of the neck. It consists of two lateral lobes connected by an
isthmus. The gland produces thyroxine, a hormone that regulates the rate of
metabolism in the body. It also produces a second hormone, calcitonin, which
regulates the level of calcium in the blood.
Thyroxine production depends on the
availability of iodine. A deficiency of iodine causes thyroid gland
enlargement, a condition called goiter.
An undersecretion of thyroxine results in a condition known as cretinism (dwarfism with
abnormal body proportions and possible mental retardation). In adults, an
undersecretion results in myxedema
(physical and mental sluggishness). Thyroxine oversecretion results in a high metabolic
rate and Graves' disease.
The parathyroid glands are located on the
posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland. They are tiny masses of glandular
tissue that produce parathyroid hormone, also called parathormone.
Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium metabolism in the body by increasing
calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and by increasing the uptake of calcium
from the digestive system.
Adrenal glands
The adrenal glands are two pyramid-shaped
glands lying atop the kidneys. The adrenal glands consist of an outer portion,
the cortex, and an inner portion, the medulla.
The adrenal cortex secretes a family
of steroids called corticosteroids.
The two main types of steroid hormones are mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids.
Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, control mineral metabolism in the
body. They accelerate mineral reabsorption in the kidney. Mineralocorticoid
secretion is regulated by ACTH from the pituitary gland. Glucocorticoids, such
as cortisol and cortisone, control glucose metabolism and protein synthesis in
the body. Glucocorticoids are also anti-inflammatory agents.
The adrenal medulla produces two
hormones: epinephrine
(adrenaline) and norepinephrine
(noradrenaline). Epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and the
blood supply to skeletal muscle. Epinephrine functions in stressful situations
to promote the fight–flight response. Norepinephrine intensifies the effects of
epinephrine. Both hormones prolong and intensify the effects of the sympathetic
nervous system.
Pancreas
The pancreas is located just behind
the stomach. Its endocrine portion consists of cell clusters called the islets of Langerhans.
The pancreas produces two hormones:
insulin and glucagon. Insulin is a protein that promotes the passage of glucose
molecules into the body cells and regulates glucose metabolism. In the absence
of insulin, glucose is removed from the blood and excreted in the kidney, a
condition called diabetes
mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by glucose in the
urine, heavy urination, excessive thirst, and a generally sluggish body
metabolism.
The second pancreatic hormone, glucagon, stimulates
the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver. It also releases fat from
the adipose tissue so the fat can be used for the production of carbohydrates.
Other endocrine glands
Among
the other endocrine glands are the ovaries and testes. The ovaries secrete estrogens, which
encourage the development of secondary female characteristics. The testes secrete androgens, which
promote secondary male characteristics. Testosterone is an important androgen.
The pineal gland is a tiny gland in the
midbrain. Its functions are largely unknown, but it seems to regulate mating
behaviors and day–night cycles. The thymus
gland is located in the neck tissues. It secretes thymosins, which
influence the development of the T-lymphocytes of the immune system.
Prostaglandins
are hormones secreted by various tissue cells. These hormones produce their
effects on smooth muscles, on various glands, and in reproductive physiology. Erythropoietin is a
hormone produced by the kidney cells. Erythropoietin functions in the
production of red blood cells. Gastrin
and secretin
are hormones produced by digestive glands to influence digestive processes.
Measurement Units
Ampere
|
Electric current
|
Angstrom
|
Wave-length and also lengths of
atomic dimensions
|
Bar
|
Atmospheric pressure
|
Becquerel
|
Radioactivity
|
Bel
|
Intensity of Sound
|
Calorie
|
Quantity of Heat
|
Candela
|
Luminous intensity
|
Candle power
|
Illuminating power of source of
light
|
Celsius (Centigrade)
|
Temperature
|
Coulomb
|
Electric Charge
|
Decibel
|
Intensity of sound (1/10th of Bel)
|
Dyne
|
Force
|
Electron-volt
|
Energy
|
Erg
|
Work or Energy
|
Fahrenheit
|
Temperature
|
Farad
|
Electric Capacitance
|
Faraday
|
Electric Charge
|
Fathom
|
Depth of water
|
Foot Candle
|
Brightness
|
Gauss
|
Magnetic Induction
|
Henry
|
Inductance
|
Hertz
|
Frequency
|
Horse-power
|
Power
|
Joule
|
Work or Energy
|
Kelvin
|
Thermodynamic temperature
|
Kilogram
|
Mass
|
Knot
|
Speed of Ship and Aircraft
|
Lambert
|
Brightness
|
Light Year
|
Stellar Distance
|
Lumen
|
Luminous flux
|
Maxwell
|
Magnetic flux
|
Metre
|
Length
|
Mole
|
Amount of Substance
|
Nautical Mile
|
Distance in Navigation
|
Newton
|
Force (metric)
|
Newton metre
|
Work
|
Oersted
|
Magnetic Intensity
|
Ohm
|
Electrical Resistance
|
Pascal
|
Stress
|
Poise
|
Viscosity
|
Quintal
|
Weight (metric)
|
Radian
|
Plane Angle
|
Second
|
Time
|
Tesla
|
Magnetic Flux Density
|
Volt
|
Electric Potential
|
Watt
|
Power
|
Weber
|
Magnetic Flux
|
Alloys
Name
|
Composition
|
Use
|
Brass
|
Cu(60% to 80%), Zn (40 to 20%)
|
For making household utencils
|
Bronze
|
Cu (75 to 90%), Sn (25 to 10%)
|
For making coins, idols, utencils
|
German Silver
|
Cu (60%), Zn (25%), Ni (15%)
|
For making utencils
|
Magnelium
|
Mg (5%), Al (95%)
|
For making aircraft frame
|
Rolled Gold
|
Cu(90%), Ni (10%)
|
For making cheap ornaments
|
Monel metal
|
Cu (70%), Ni (30%)
|
For making alkali resistant
containers
|
Bell metals
|
Cu (80%), Sn (20%)
|
For making bells
|
Gun metal
|
Cu (85%), Zn (10%), Sn(5%)
|
Used for engineering purpose
|
Solder
|
Sn(50-75%), Pb (50-25%)
|
Soldering of metals
|
Duralium
|
Al (95%), Cu (4%), Mg (0. 5%), Mn
(0. 5%)
|
In aircraft manufacturing
|
Steel
|
Fe (98%), C (2%)
|
For making nails, screws, bridges
|
Stainless Steel
|
Fe (82%) Cr, Ni (18%)
|
for making cooking utencils,
knives
|
Chemical Names and compounds
Common Name
|
Chemical Name
|
Chemical Formulae
|
Dry Ice
|
Solid Carbondioxide
|
CO2
|
slaked Lime
|
Calcium Hydroxide
|
Ca (OH)2
|
Bleaching Powder
|
Calcium Oxychloride
|
CaOCl2
|
Nausadar
|
Ammonium Chloride
|
NH4Cl
|
Caustic Soda
|
Sodium Hydroxide
|
NaOH
|
Rock Salt
|
Sodium Chloride
|
NaCl
|
Caustic Potash
|
Potassium Hydroxide
|
KOH
|
Potash Alum
|
Potassium Aluminium Sulphate
|
K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3. 24H2O
|
Epsom
|
Magnesium Sulphate
|
MgSO4. 7H2O
|
Quick Lime
|
Calcium Oxide
|
CaO
|
Plaster of Paris
|
Calcium Sulphate
|
(CaSO4) ½ H2O
|
Gypsum
|
Calcium Sulphate
|
(CaSO4). 2H2O
|
Green Vitriol
|
Ferrous Sulphate
|
FeSO4. 7H2O
|
Mohr's Salt
|
Ammonium Ferrous Sulphate
|
FeSO4 (NH4)2 SO4. 6H2O
|
Blue Vitriol
|
Copper Sulphate
|
CuSO4. 5H2O
|
White Vitriol
|
Zinc Sulphate
|
ZnSO4. 7H2O
|
Marsh Gas
|
Methane
|
CH4
|
Vinegar
|
Acetic Acid
|
CH3COOH
|
Potash Ash
|
Potassium Carbonate
|
K2CO3
|
Hypo
|
Sodium Thiosulphate
|
Na2S2O3. 5H2O
|
Baking Powder
|
Sodium Bicarbonate
|
NaHCO3
|
Washing Soda
|
Sodium Carbonate
|
Na2CO3. 10H2O
|
Magnesia
|
Magnesium Oxide
|
MgO
|
Chalk (Marble)
|
Calcium Carbonate
|
CaCO3
|
Lunar Caustic
|
Silver Nitrate
|
AgNO3
|
Laughing Gas
|
Nitrous Oxide
|
N2O
|
Chloroform
|
Tricholoro Methane
|
CHCl3
|
Vermelium
|
Mercuric Sulphide
|
HgS
|
Borax
|
Borax
|
Na2B4O7. 10H2O
|
Alcohol
|
Ethyl Alcohol
|
C2H5OH
|
Sugar
|
Sucrose
|
C12H22O11
|
Heavy Water
|
Duterium Oxide
|
D2O
|
Globar's Salt
|
Sodium Sulphate
|
Na2SO4. 10H2O
|
T. N. T
|
Tri Nitrotoluene
|
C6H2CH3 (NO2)3
|
Calomel
|
Mercurous Chloride
|
HgCl
|
Sand
|
Silicon Oxide
|
SiO2
|
Elements
Name
|
Symbol
|
Atomic Number
|
Hydrogen
|
H
|
1
|
Helium
|
He
|
2
|
Lithium
|
Li
|
3
|
Beryllium
|
Be
|
4
|
Boron
|
B
|
5
|
Carbon
|
C
|
6
|
Nitrogen
|
N
|
7
|
Oxygen
|
O
|
8
|
Flourine
|
F
|
9
|
Neon
|
Ne
|
10
|
Sodium (Natrium)
|
Na
|
11
|
Magnesium
|
Mg
|
12
|
Aluminium
|
Al
|
13
|
Silicon
|
Si
|
14
|
Phosphorous
|
P
|
15
|
Sulphur
|
S
|
16
|
Chlorine
|
Cl
|
17
|
Argon
|
Ar
|
18
|
Potassium (Kalium)
|
K
|
19
|
Calcium
|
Ca
|
20
|
Titanium
|
Ti
|
22
|
Vanadium
|
V
|
23
|
Chromium
|
Cr
|
24
|
Manganese
|
Mn
|
25
|
Iron (Ferum)
|
Fe
|
26
|
Cobalt
|
Co
|
27
|
Nickel
|
Ni
|
28
|
Copper (Cuprum)
|
Cu
|
29
|
Zinc
|
Zn
|
30
|
Germenium
|
Ge
|
32
|
Bromine
|
Br
|
35
|
Krypton
|
Kr
|
36
|
Zirconium
|
Zr
|
40
|
Silver
|
Ag
|
47
|
Tin (Stannum)
|
Sn
|
50
|
Antimony (Stabnium)
|
Sb
|
51
|
Iodine
|
I
|
53
|
Barium
|
Ba
|
56
|
Gold (Aurum)
|
Au
|
79
|
Mercury (Hydragerm)
|
Hg
|
80
|
Lead (Plumbum)
|
Pb
|
82
|
Bismuth
|
Bi
|
83
|
Radium
|
Ra
|
88
|
Thorium
|
U
|
90
|
Uranium
|
U
|
92
|
Plutonium
|
Pu
|
94
|
Curium
|
Cm
|
96
|
