The 50 per cent Russian-owned Gazprom has launched its 2,380km gas
pipeline, which starts its journey under the Black Sea and will bypass
the Ukraine in order to deliver more reliable gas services to Western
Europe.
With his unexpected apology for the Kurdish massacre of 1937, Turkey's Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, has opened the door to the darkest episodes in the country's history.
The Dersim massacre, named after the place where it occurred, refers to the killing of nearly 14,000 Kurdish people to contain a rebellion that began soon after a 1935 law decreed ‘Turkification', the forcible assimilation of ethnic minorities.
Mr. Erdogan is the first Turkish leader to mention the incident and the word ‘apology' in the same breath. In this sense, it is historic.
It also coincides with a government military offensive against the Kurdish rebel group PKK, the first in three years.
Prime Minister Erdogan has unintentionally turned the spotlight on the 1915 massacre of Armenians, who say 1.5 million of them were killed in a genocide by the Ottoman regime that year.
Turkey officially rejects the accusation, holding instead that up to half-a-million Armenians were killed, alongside a similar count of Turks, when they revolted against the Ottoman rulers during the First World War.
Turkey's tough position on this is one of the obstacles to its entry into the European Union.
The apology for Dersim is likely to spur fresh demands that Turkey show contrition for 1915 as well, although this seems unlikely.
Beyond Turkey, there is a lesson in this for other nations: state injustice and brutality against a group or groups of people is not easily forgotten, not even in a hundred years.
